ABSTRACT
Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, telemedicine in pediatric diabetology has become part of care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their families, especially video consultations. An improvement in glycemic control as well as in therapy satisfaction could be achieved. Different requirements are necessary for implementation in the technical, organizational, and regulatory sense. For implementation, it is important to adapt the work-flow and to create an adequate workplace for video consultation with specific infrastructure. For the actual video consultation with the patient, all digital data should be used, e.g., from blood glucose meters and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices as well as insulin pumps or digital pens, and the upload of these data by the patient beforehand is obligatory. The discussion of the data in a patient-centered manner with the use of graphs and figures derived from the ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) or similar methods should be done as in face-to-face consultations. Another possibility of telemedicine is video education. Here, it is not sufficient just to use known educational material, but this has to be adapted or, if necessary, some parts need to be newly developed. Reimbursement is still insufficient and needs to be improved to make telemedicine economically reasonable for the provider.Copyright © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.
ABSTRACT
Background: The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is now being connected to medical equipment to make patients more comfortable, offer better and more affordable health care options, and make it easier for people to get good care in the comfort of their own homes. Objective(s): The primary purpose of this study is to highlight the architecture and use of IoMT (Internet of Medical Things) technology in the healthcare system. Method(s): Several sources were used to acquire the material, including review articles published in various journals that had keywords such as, Internet of Medical Things, Wireless Fidelity, Remote Healthcare Monitoring (RHM), Point-of-care testing (POCT), and Sensors. Result(s): IoMT has succeeded in lowering both the cost of digital healthcare systems and the amount of energy they use. Sensors are used to measure a wide range of things, from physiological to emotional responses. They can be used to predict illness before it happens. Conclusion(s): The term "Internet of Medical Things" refers to the broad adoption of healthcare solutions that may be provided in the home. Making such systems intelligent and efficient for timely prediction of important illnesses has the potential to save millions of lives while decreasing the burden on conventional healthcare institutions, such as hospitals. patients and physicians may now access real-time data due to advancements in IoM. Copyright © 2022 Wal et al.
ABSTRACT
Background: Studies of mobile diabetes applications (apps) have demonstrated improvements in glycemia, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). In addition, shift to shorter pen needles (PN) and guidance on proper injection techniques have shown the potential for reduced glycemic variability. The purpose is to determine the impact of using a diabetes mobile app plus a novel 4 mm PN on PROs and glycemic outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for multiple daily injection (MDI) insulin users. Materials and methods: In this 8-week prospective, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, subjects either received (1:1) intervention (BD Diabetes Care [DC] App + BD Nano TM 2nd Gen PN) or control therapy. Controls used their current PN and did not use diabetes apps. Results: Fifty-eight subjects were randomized. Fifty-seven completed the study (intervention n = 27, control n = 30). At study end, there were no significant differences in PROs between groups, except improved medication adherence (ARMS-D) in controls. From flash glucose monitoring (fGM) data, there were no significant differences in most glycemic measures between groups except for a trend for improved glycemic variability [mean amplitude of the glycemic excursions (MAGE)] in the Intervention (p = 0.06). Controls had significantly reduced time spent in hypoglycemia but had 2 to 3-fold higher incidence at baseline. In general, Intervention subjects reported satisfaction with both the app and PN. Conclusions: This is the first BD DC App study, in combination with BD Nano TM 2nd Gen PN, to assess glycemic outcomes. This combination intervention shows promising results for reduced glycemic variability and the potential to positively impact self-management.
ABSTRACT
“Newer Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems” Satish K. Garg, MD Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, Director of adult Diabetes program, University of Colorado Denver and Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado. Over the past decade there have been many advances in diabetes technologies, such as Continuous Glucose Monitoring devices/systems (CGMs), insulin-delivery devices, and hybrid closed-loop systems. There have been significant advances in CGMs in the past decade. In fact, ten years ago very few people use to believe in the use of CGMs, even though they had been available for the past two decades. Many providers used to question who, why, and when will patients ever use CGMs similar to the questions asked about Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) about four decades ago. At the time of this writing, more than five million people world-wide are using a CGM for their diabetes management, especially those who require insulin (all patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and about 20% of patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D)). Total sales of all CGMs now exceeds more than $7 billion and the use of SMBG is going down every day. Most of the CGMs have improved their accuracy significantly in the past two decades. I still remember doing studies on the GlucoWatch and earlier versions of Dexcom STS where mean absolute relative difference (MARD) used to be in the range of 15-26%. Now most of the CGMs (Guardian by Medtronic, G6 by Dexcom, and Libre 2 by Abbott) have single-digit MARD. In addition, the majority of the new CGMs do not require calibrations and the newer CGMs last for 10-14 days. An implantable CGM by Senseonics (Eversense®) is approved in the USA for 3 months and a different version is approved in Europe for 6 months. FDA has still not approved the 6-month version of Eversense® implantable sensor in the USA, which also has single-digit accuracy. The newer CGMs that are likely to be launched in the next 3-6 months;hopefully around the ATTD Conference, include 10.5-day Dexcom G7 (60% smaller than the existing G6), 7-day Medtronic Guardian 4, 14-day Libre 3, and 6-month Eversense®. Most of the newer CGM data can be viewed on Android or iOS/iPhone smart devices, and in many instances they have several features like predictive alarms and alerts, easy insertion, automatic initialization (in some instances down to 27 mins, Dexcom G7) with single-digit MARDs. It has also been noticed that arm insertion site might have better accuracy than abdomen or other sites like the buttock for kids. Lag time between YSI and different sensors have been reported differently, sometimes it's down to 2-3 mins;however, in many instances, it's still 15-20 mins. Diabetes effects communities of color disproportionately higher. For example, the highest prevalence of diabetes in the USA is amongst Native Americans (14.7%), which is nearly two times higher than Caucasians. African Americans and Hispanics also have higher prevalence of diabetes in the USA. It's also known that LatinX, African Americans, and Native Americans are much less likely to be offered new technologies like continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII/insulin pumps) and CGMs. Use of technology, especially CGMs, is expected to remove many of the social barriers and disparities in care for people with diabetes. A large database during the COVID-19 pandemic recently reported better Time-in-Range (TIR) in patients with diabetes irrespective of their ethnic background. However, the baseline TIR was significantly lower for minorities as compared to Caucasians. I believe the future will bring a larger increase in the use of CGMs for people with insulin-requiring diabetes (estimated at more than 100 million people globally) and those with T2D on non-insulin therapies (estimated at more than 400 million people globally). I also envision an increase in the number of pre-diabetes patients (estimated at more than 200 million people globally) using CGMs so that early medical intervention for diabetes management can be entertained. The intermittent or continuou use of CGM would depend upon the clinical needs. Needless to say, healthy individuals without diabetes (who can afford CGMs) might even use these technologies for self-evaluation of their glucose profiles after meals.